Diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Girum, T. Public Health 76 , 51 Mosha, F. BMC Public Health 13 , Turk, G. Collaboration, C. Short-term risk of AIDS according to current CD4 cell count and viral load in antiretroviral drug-naive individuals and those treated in the monotherapy era.
Aids 18 , 51—58 Goujard, C. Fontdevila, M. Remien, R. Gender and care: access to HIV testing, care and treatment. Immune Defic. Biosciences, B. Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Conceptualization: N. Correspondence to Lisa Wallin. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.
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Advanced search. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Download PDF. Introduction HIV is a contagious, deadly disease that has rapidly spread worldwide 1.
Table 1 CDC stages definition. Full size table. Table 3 Compared non-rapid progressor and rapid progressor of CD4 decline status during the follow-up time for HIV-infected males and females. Because the CD4 cell counts are so variable, some health care providers prefer to look at the CD4 cell percentages. This percentage is more stable than the number of CD4 cells.
Different labs use different ranges. A CD4 count below indicates serious immune damage. The CD4 cell count is a key measure of the health of the immune system. The lower the count, the greater damage HIV has done. CD4 counts are used together with the viral load to estimate how long someone will stay healthy. See Fact Sheet for more information on the viral load test. When to start drugs to prevent opportunistic infections: Most health care providers prescribe drugs to prevent opportunistic infections at the following CD4 levels: Less than pneumocystis pneumonia PCP, see Fact Sheet Less than toxoplasmosis see Fact Sheet and cryptococcosis see Fact Sheet Less than mycobacterium avium complex MAC, see Fact Sheet Sometimes they rise quickly.
Other times they can go up slowly. Higher CD4 counts are better. However, a normal CD4 count does not guarantee a normal immune system. Now that people with AIDS are living are longer, there is more research on other causes of illness and death.
Changes in thymic function with age and during the treatment of HIV infection. Katsikis, P. Fas antigen stimulation induces marked apoptosis of T lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Ford, W. The traffic of lymphocytes. Sackstein, R. The effects of corticosteroids on lymphocyte recirculation in humans: analysis of the mechanism of impaired lymphocyte migration to lymph node following methylprednisolone administration. Andrieu, J. Sustained increases in CD4 cell counts in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seropositive patients treated with prednisolone for 1 year [see comments].
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Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents Abstract. The problem. Six important features of HIV infection that need to be incorporated in any model of pathogenesis. A proposed mechanism of HIV pathogenesis that explains the six features.
The potential importance of HIV-induction of lymphocyte homing to lymph nodes. Chen , Jenny J. Oxford Academic. Google Scholar. Miles W. Cite Cite Jenny J. Select Format Select format. Permissions Icon Permissions. Open in new tab Download slide. Hypothesized scheme of HIV pathogenesis. Transmitting editor : L. Issue Section:. Download all slides. View Metrics. Email alerts Article activity alert.
Advance article alerts. New issue alert. Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. Related articles in Web of Science Google Scholar. It badly damages the immune system and can lead to opportunistic infections.
These are serious, often life-threatening, conditions that take advantage of very weak immune systems. Why do I need a CD4 count? CD8 cells are another type of white blood cell in the immune system. CD8 cells kill cancer cells and other invaders. This test compares the numbers of the two cells to get a better idea of immune system function.
What happens during a CD4 count? Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test? You don't need any special preparations for a CD4 count.
Are there any risks to the test? What do the results mean? Normal: —1, cells per cubic millimeter Abnormal: — cells per cubic millimeter. It means you have a weakened immune system and may be infected with HIV.
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