If archaeological evidence is damaged and no longer useful for these genetic data tests, researchers can reference the results and work of their predecessors. Crites, G. Domesticated Sunflower in Fifth Millenium B. American Antiquity. Accessed 23 April Gonzalez-Perez, S. Sunflower proteins: overview of their physicochemical, structural and functional properties. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. Accessed 7 April Harris, David R. Foraging and Farming: the Evolution of Plant Exploitation.
London: Unwin Hyman, Harter, A. Origin of extant domesticated sunflowers in eastern North America. Accessed 24 April The Sunflower among the North American Indians.
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Hesier, Charles B. The domesticated sunflower in old Mexico? Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. Accessed 25 May Heiser, Charles B. The sunflower Helianthus annuus in Mexico: further evidence for a North American domestication.
Lentz, D. Prehistoric Sunflower Helianthus annuus L. Domestication in Mexico. Economic Botany. Sunflower Helianthus annuus L.
Montana Plant Life. Accessed 21 May National Sunflower Association. North Carolina Cooperative Extension. Purdue University Agriculture. Sauer, Jonathon D. Florida: CRC Press, About Current Volume The Contest The Rules Enter Here The Archive - - - - - - - - - - - "I've got a bad feeling about this.
Introduction In this review, I will first give an overview of general information about the sunflower crop, including botanical, nutritional, utilization, and production data. Archaeological Evidence Though linguistics provide a reasonable argument for the original site of domestication for the sunflower, specific archaeological discoveries provide physical proof that Mexico is the most likely center of origin. Historical evidence Whether the domesticated sunflower is originally from North America or Mexico, the fact remains that it was an Indian crop, although a minor one, in both areas during Pre-Columbian times.
Sources Crites, G. Sunflowers in Kansas. Victor Kiprop November 19 in World Facts. Olympic Games History. Southeast Asian Countries. The attractive heads are golden with a green center. Seeds are gray and white. In the s, Mennonites introduced Tarahumara into Canada. The Tarahumara Indians of Chihuahua, Mexico, adopted the variety, giving it its name.
The head, 12 to 16 inches in diameter, is yellow-orange. Arikara may yield more than one head per plant. Maturing in days, the seeds are black and white. Today, Arikara is difficult to find. Originating in what is today the southern United States or southern Mexico, sunflower predated the arrival of humans in the Americas.
As the climate cooled and dried in North America, sunflower expanded its habitat at the expense of trees. Buffalo may have been the original dispersers of sunflower seeds, enabling the plant to colonize North America. Between and BCE, humans began eating wild sunflower seeds. Between and BCE, humans domesticated the sunflower. One authority believes that the Amerindians of Arizona and New Mexico began to cultivate sunflower about BCE, though this date may be too early.
Another authority believes that Native Americans domesticated sunflower before corn. Archaeologists have dated fossilized sunflower seeds in Tennessee to BCE. Because the seeds are large, they must have been the product of selection and cultivation. This find may mark the origin of sunflower culture in the Americas.
Fossilized sunflower pollen found in Amerindian settlements in Kentucky, Ohio, and Texas suggests that the plant was widespread in prehistory. Humans may have first cultivated sunflower at the edge of their campsites. Sunflower seeds were a leading source of calories for Native Americans. In what is today the United States, sunflower was one of only six cultigens, the others being chenopod, sump weed, may grass, erect knotwood, and little barley. Of these, only sunflower remains a crop today.
The conviction that the sunflower was a domesticate in what is today the United States received a blow when a recent find dated sunflower seeds in southern Mexico to BCE, years older than the Tennessee seeds. If this date is accurate, the sunflower originated in Mexico rather than the United States.
The sunflower, and with it agriculture, may not have arisen independently in the United States but may have been an offshoot of developments in Mexico. It is possible, of course, that agriculture arose independently in the United States and Mexico, but it seems probable that it arose first in Mexico and diffused to the United States. Yet not everyone accepts the Mexican find. One authority believes that the Mexican seeds were really from squash, not sunflower.
If this were true, Tennessee would remain the cradle of sunflower culture. If one assumes the validity of the Mexican find, then the Americans cultivated sunflower from southern Mexico to Canada in prehistory. At its height, sunflower was cultivated from the Arctic Circle to the tropics and from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean. The Amerindians ate sunflower seeds raw, roasted, or ground into meal or bread.
By BCE, the Amerindians extracted oil from sunflower seeds for cooking. Monarch butterflies are commonly seen getting nectar from sunflowers during their fall migration. Whether as a source of food for people and wildlife or an eye-catching splash of color on the landscape, the Common Sunflower is an important member of the prairie community. The law designating the wild native sunflower as the official Kansas state flower and floral emblem is found in the Kansas Statutes, Chapter 73, Article 18, Section Chapter Article State flower and floral emblem.
History: L. Symbols Histories Timelines Famous People. Kansas State State Flowers State Symbols.
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